He hopena maikaʻi ko Betaine i ka ʻōpū o nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia i ka waiū, akā poina pinepine ʻia i ka wā e noʻonoʻo ai i nā mea hoʻohui e kākoʻo i ke olakino ʻōpū a i ʻole e hōʻemi i nā pilikia e pili ana me ka maʻi diarrhea. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka betaine ma ke ʻano he meaʻai hana i ka hānai hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā holoholona ma nā ʻano like ʻole.
ʻO ka mea mua, he mana koʻikoʻi loa ko betaine i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā hui methyl, ʻo ia hoʻi i loko o ke akepaʻa o nā holoholona. Ma muli o ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā hui methyl paʻa ʻole, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hana ʻana o nā hui like ʻole e like me ka methionine, carnitine a me ka creatine. No laila, hoʻopilikia ka betaine i ka metabolism protein, lipid a me ka ikehu o nā holoholona, ​​​​a no laila e hoʻololi pono ai i ke ʻano o ke kino make.
ʻO ka lua, hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ka betaine i ka meaʻai ma ke ʻano he mea pale organik. Hana ʻo Betaine ma ke ʻano he osmoprotectant, e kōkua ana i nā ʻāpana ma ke kino holoʻokoʻa e mālama i ke kaulike wai a me ka hana cellular, ʻoiai i nā wā o ke kaumaha. ʻO kahi laʻana kaulana ka hopena maikaʻi o ka betaine i nā holoholona e ʻeha nei i ke kaumaha wela.
Ua wehewehe ʻia nā hopena maikaʻi like ʻole i ka hana holoholona ma muli o ka hoʻohui ʻana o betaine i ke ʻano anhydrous a hydrochloride paha. E kālele ana kēia ʻatikala i nā mea hiki ke hoʻohana i ka betaine ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui hānai e kākoʻo i ke olakino ʻōpū i nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia.
Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau haʻawina betaine i nā hopena o ka betaine i ka digestibility o nā meaʻai i loko o ka ileum a me ka colon o nā puaʻa. ʻO nā nānā pinepine ʻana o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka digestibility fiber i loko o ka ileum (crude fiber a i ʻole neutral and acid detergent fiber) e hōʻike ana e hoʻoulu ka betaine i ka fermentation bacteria i loko o ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi no ka mea ʻaʻole hana nā enterocytes i nā enzymes degrading fiber. Loaʻa i nā ʻāpana mea kanu fibrous nā meaʻai e hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka wā e pala ai nā fibers microbial. No laila, ua ʻike ʻia kahi hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka digestibility o ka mea maloʻo a me ka lehu maka. Ma ka pae o ke ala gastrointestinal holoʻokoʻa, ua hōʻike nā puaʻa i hānai ʻia i ka ʻai o 800 mg betaine/kg i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka digestibility o ka protein maka (+6.4%) a me ka mea maloʻo (+4.2%). Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi haʻawina ʻē aʻe ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka digestibility holoʻokoʻa o ka protein maka (+3.7%) a me ka ether extract (+6.7%) me ka hoʻohui betaine ma 1250 mg/kg.
ʻO kekahi kumu kūpono no ka piʻi ʻana o ka omo ʻana o nā meaʻai, ʻo ia ka hopena o ka betaine ma ka hana ʻana o ka enzyme. Ua loiloi kahi noiʻi in vivo hou e pili ana i nā hopena o ka hoʻohui betaine i nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia i ka waiū i ka hana o nā enzyme digestive (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin a me chymotrypsin) i loko o ka digesta (Kiʻi 1). Ua piʻi aʻe ka hana o nā enzymes āpau, koe wale nō ka maltase, a ʻoi aku ka ʻike ʻia o ka hopena o ka betaine ma kahi mahele o 2500 mg betaine/kg hānai ma mua o kahi mahele o 1250 mg/kg hānai. Hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka hana mai ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka hana enzyme, akā hiki nō hoʻi ke hopena mai ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka pono catalytic o nā enzymes. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua in vitro ua kāohi ʻia nā hana trypsin a me amylase ma ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke kaomi osmotic kiʻekiʻe ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana o NaCl. Ma kēia hoʻokolohua, ua hoʻihoʻi ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka betaine ma nā ʻano like ʻole i ka hopena inhibitory o NaCl a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana enzyme. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā i hoʻohui ʻole ʻia ai ka sodium chloride i ka hopena buffer, ʻaʻohe hopena o ka betaine inclusion complex i ka hana enzyme ma nā ʻano haʻahaʻa, akā ua hōʻike i kahi hopena inhibitory ma nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana ulu a me nā helu hoʻololi hānai i nā puaʻa i hānai ʻia me ka betaine meaʻai, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka digestibility. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka betaine i nā meaʻai puaʻa e hōʻemi pū i nā koi ikehu o ka holoholona. ʻO ke kuhiakau no kēia hopena i ʻike ʻia, ʻo ia ka wā e loaʻa ai ka betaine e mālama i ke kaomi osmotic intracellular, ua emi ka pono no nā pamu ion (kahi hana e pono ai ka ikehu). No laila, i nā kūlana kahi i kaupalena ʻia ai ka lawe ʻana i ka ikehu, manaʻo ʻia e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hopena o ka hoʻohui betaine ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ulu ma mua o ka mālama ʻana i nā koi ikehu.
Pono nā pūnaewele epithelial o ka paia ʻōpū e kū i nā kūlana osmotic loli nui i hana ʻia e nā mea o loko o ka lumen ʻōpū i ka wā o ka ʻeli ʻana o nā meaʻai. I ka manawa like, he mea nui kēia mau pūnaewele epithelial ʻōpū no ka kaohi ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka wai a me nā meaʻai like ʻole ma waena o ka lumen ʻōpū a me ka plasma. No ka pale ʻana i nā pūnaewele mai kēia mau kūlana ʻino, he mea nui ka betaine i ka penetrant organik. Inā ʻoe e nānā i ka nui o ka betaine i loko o nā ʻiʻo like ʻole, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike he kiʻekiʻe loa nā pae o ka betaine i loko o ka ʻiʻo ʻōpū. Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia he hiki ke hoʻopilikia ʻia kēia mau pae e nā nui o ka betaine i ka meaʻai. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hiki ke hoʻonui a me ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi o nā pūnaewele kaulike maikaʻi. I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā pae betaine i loko o nā puaʻa puaʻa i hoʻonui i ke kiʻekiʻe o nā villi duodenal a me ka hohonu o nā crypts ileal, a ua ʻoi aku ka like o ka villi.
Ma kekahi noiʻi ʻē aʻe, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka piʻi ʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka villous me ka ʻole o ka hopena i ka hohonu o ka crypt ma ka duodenum, jejunum, a me ka ileum. ʻO ka hopena pale o ka betaine ma ke ʻano o ka ʻōpū he mea nui paha ia i nā maʻi kikoʻī (osmotic), e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia i nā moa broiler me coccidia.
ʻO ke pale ʻōpū, ua hana nui ʻia me nā pūnaewele epithelial i hoʻopili ʻia kekahi i kekahi ma o nā protein junction paʻa. He mea nui ka pono o kēia pale e pale ai i ke komo ʻana o nā mea ʻino a me nā bacteria pathogenic e hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka mumū. I loko o nā puaʻa, ua manaʻo ʻia nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma ka pale ʻōpū he hopena ia o ka haumia o ka hānai me nā mycotoxins a i ʻole kekahi o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ke kaumaha wela.
No ke ana ʻana i ka hopena ma ka hopena pale, hoʻāʻo pinepine ʻia nā laina cell in vitro ma ke ana ʻana i ke kū'ē uila transepithelial (TEER). Ua ʻike ʻia nā hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o TEER i nā hoʻokolohua in vitro he nui ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka betaine. Hoʻemi ʻia ka TEER ke hōʻike ʻia nā cell i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe (42°C) (Kiʻi 2). ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka betaine i ka medium ulu o kēia mau cell wela i kū'ē i ka emi ʻana o TEER, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka thermotolerance. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike nā haʻawina in vivo i nā puaʻa i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka hōʻike ʻana o nā protein junction tight (occludin, claudin1 a me zonula occlusions-1) i loko o ka ʻiʻo jejunal o nā holoholona e loaʻa ana i ka betaine ma kahi mahele o 1250 mg/kg i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hui kaohi. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ka hana diamine oxidase, kahi hōʻailona o ka hōʻino mucosal intestinal, i loko o ka plasma o kēia mau puaʻa, e hōʻike ana i kahi pale intestinal ikaika. I ka wā i hoʻohui ʻia ai ka betaine i ka ʻai o nā puaʻa hoʻopau, ua ana ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ikaika tensile intestinal i ka pepehi ʻana.
I kēia mau lā iho nei, ua hoʻopili kekahi mau noiʻi i ka betaine i ka ʻōnaehana antioxidant a ua wehewehe i ka emi ʻana o nā radical free, ka emi ʻana o nā pae malondialdehyde (MDA), a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka hana glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi hou i nā puaʻa liʻiliʻi ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hana GSH-Px i loko o ka jejunum, ʻoiai ʻaʻohe hopena o ka betaine meaʻai i ka MDA.
ʻAʻole wale ka betaine e hana ma ke ʻano he osmoprotectant i nā holoholona, ​​akā hiki i nā bacteria like ʻole ke hōʻiliʻili i ka betaine ma o ka de novo synthesis a i ʻole ka lawe ʻana mai ke kaiapuni. Aia nā hōʻike e loaʻa paha i ka betaine kahi hopena maikaʻi i ka flora bacteria o ka ʻōpū gastrointestinal o nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia. Ua piʻi ka nui o nā bacteria ileal, ʻoiai ʻo bifidobacteria a me lactobacilli. Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia nā helu haʻahaʻa o Enterobacteriaceae i loko o ka ʻōpala.
ʻO ka hopena hope loa i ʻike ʻia o ka betaine i ke olakino o ka ʻōpū i nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia ka waiū, ʻo ia ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka maʻi diarrhea. Hiki ke hilinaʻi ʻia kēia hopena ma muli o ka nui o ka lāʻau: ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka meaʻai me ka betaine ma kahi nui o 2500 mg/kg i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o ka maʻi diarrhea ma mua o ka betaine ma kahi nui o 1250 mg/kg. Eia nō naʻe, ua like ka hana o ka puaʻa weaner ma nā pae hoʻohui ʻelua. Ua hōʻike nā mea noiʻi ʻē aʻe i nā helu haʻahaʻa o ka maʻi diarrhea a me ka maʻi i nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia ka waiū i ka wā i hoʻohui ʻia me 800 mg/kg betaine.
ʻO ka mea hoihoi, loaʻa i ka betaine hydrochloride nā hopena acidifying hiki ke lilo i kumu o ka betaine. I ka lāʻau lapaʻau, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā mea hoʻohui betaine hydrochloride me ka pepsin e kōkua i ka poʻe me nā pilikia ʻōpū a me ka ʻōpū. I kēia hihia, lawelawe ka betaine hydrochloride ma ke ʻano he kumu palekana o ka waikawa hydrochloric. ʻOiai ʻaʻohe ʻike e pili ana i kēia waiwai i ka wā e hoʻokomo ʻia ai ka betaine hydrochloride i ka hānai puaʻa, he mea nui paha ia. Ua ʻike ʻia i loko o nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia ka pH gastric hiki ke kiʻekiʻe (pH > 4), no laila e hoʻopilikia ana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka enzyme pepsin protein-degrading i loko o kāna pepsinogen mua. He mea nui ka ʻai ʻana o ka protein maikaʻi loa ʻaʻole wale no ka hiki i nā holoholona ke hoʻohana pono i kēia meaʻai. Eia kekahi, hiki i ka protein i hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi ʻole ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui pono ʻole ʻia o nā pathogens opportunistic a hoʻonui i ka pilikia o ka diarrhea ma hope o ka weaning. He haʻahaʻa ka waiwai pKa o Betaine ma kahi o 1.8, kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ai ka betaine hydrochloride i ka wā e ʻai ʻia ai, e hopena ana i ka acidification gastric. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia re-acidification manawa pōkole i nā haʻawina mua kanaka a me nā haʻawina canine. Ua ʻike nā ʻīlio i mālama mua ʻia me nā mea hoʻēmi waikawa i ka emi nui ʻana o ka pH gastric mai kahi pH 7 a i ka pH 2 ma hope o ka hoʻokahi mahele o 750 mg a i ʻole 1500 mg o ka betaine hydrochloride. Eia nō naʻe, i nā ʻīlio kaohi i loaʻa ʻole ka lāʻau, ua emi nui ka pH gastric. Ma kahi o 2, me ka nānā ʻole i ka lawe ʻana o ka betaine HCl.
Betaine has a positive effect on the intestinal health of weaned piglets. This literature review highlights the various capabilities of betaine to support nutrient digestion and absorption, improve physical defense barriers, influence the microbiota and enhance defense in piglets. References available upon request, contact Lien Vande Maele, maele@orffa.com