Pōkole

ʻO ka holomua nui o ka noiʻi kalapona i ka meaʻai a me ke olakino puaʻa ʻo ia ka hoʻokaʻawale maopopo ʻana o ka kalapona, ʻaʻole wale ma muli o kona ʻano kemika, akā ma muli hoʻi o kona ʻano physiological. Ma waho aʻe o ke kumu ikehu nui, he pono nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻano o nā kalapona i ka meaʻai a me nā hana olakino o nā puaʻa. Pili lākou i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hana ulu a me ka hana ʻōpū o nā puaʻa, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kaiāulu microbial ʻōpū, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka metabolism o nā lipids a me ka glucose. ʻO ke ʻano kumu o ka kalapona ma o kāna mau metabolites (nā waikawa momona kaulahao pōkole [SCFAs]) a ma o nā ala scfas-gpr43 / 41-pyy / GLP1, SCFAs amp / atp-ampk a me scfas-ampk-g6pase / PEPCK e hoʻoponopono i ka metabolism momona a me ka glucose. Ua loiloi nā haʻawina hou i ka hui kūpono o nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻano o nā kalapona, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana ulu a me ka digestibility nutrient, hoʻolaha i ka hana ʻōpū, a hoʻonui i ka nui o nā bacteria hana butyrate i loko o nā puaʻa. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, kākoʻo nā hōʻike ikaika i ka manaʻo he kuleana koʻikoʻi nā kalapona i nā hana meaʻai a me ke olakino o nā puaʻa. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka haku mele ʻana o ka carbohydrate e loaʻa ka waiwai kumumanaʻo a me ka pono no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana kaulike carbohydrate i loko o nā puaʻa.

1. ʻŌlelo Hoʻolauna

ʻO nā kalapona Polymeric, starch a me nā polysaccharides non starch (NSP) nā ʻāpana nui o nā meaʻai a me nā kumu ikehu nui o nā puaʻa, e helu ana i 60% - 70% o ka nui o ka ikehu i lawe ʻia (Bach Knudsen). He mea kūpono ke hoʻomaopopo ʻana he paʻakikī loa ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o nā kalapona, he ʻokoʻa nā hopena i nā puaʻa. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina mua e loaʻa ana i ka hānai ʻana me ka starch me ka lakio amylose a amylose (AM / AP) like ʻole ka pane physiological maopopo i ka hana ulu ʻana o nā puaʻa (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008). Manaʻo ʻia ka fiber dietary, i haku ʻia me NSP, e hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā meaʻai a me ka waiwai ikehu net o nā holoholona monogastric (NOBLET a me le, 2001). Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ka lawe ʻana i ka fiber dietary i ka hana ulu ʻana o nā puaʻa (Han & Lee, 2005). Ke hōʻike nei nā hōʻike hou aku e hoʻomaikaʻi ka fiber dietary i ke ʻano o ka ʻōpū a me ka hana pale o nā puaʻa, a hoʻemi i ka nui o ka maʻi diarrhea (Chen et al., 2015; Lndberg, 2014; Wu et al., 2018). No laila, he mea wikiwiki ia e aʻo pehea e hoʻohana pono ai i nā kalapona paʻakikī i ka meaʻai, ʻoiai ka meaʻai momona i ka fiber. Pono e wehewehe ʻia a noʻonoʻo ʻia nā ʻano hoʻonohonoho a me nā taxonomic o nā kalapona a me kā lākou mau hana nutritional a me ke olakino no nā puaʻa i nā ʻano hānai. ʻO NSP a me ka starch kūpaʻa (RS) nā kalapona nui i hiki ʻole ke digestible (wey et al., 2011), ʻoiai ʻo ka microbiota ʻōpū e hoʻoulu i nā kalapona i hiki ʻole ke digestible i loko o nā waikawa momona kaulahao pōkole (SCFAs); Turnbaugh et al., 2006). Eia kekahi, ua manaʻo ʻia kekahi mau oligosaccharides a me nā polysaccharides he probiotics o nā holoholona, ​​​​hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻoulu i ka hapa o Lactobacillus a me Bifidobacterium i loko o ka ʻōpū (Mikkelsen et al., 2004; Mø LBAK et al., 2007; Wellock et al., 2008). Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻohui ʻana o Oligosaccharide e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka haku mele ʻana o ka microbiota ʻōpū (de Lange et al., 2010). I mea e hōʻemi ai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoulu ulu antimicrobial i ka hana puaʻa, he mea nui e ʻimi i nā ala ʻē aʻe e hoʻokō ai i ke olakino holoholona maikaʻi. Aia kahi manawa kūpono e hoʻohui i nā ʻano kalapona like ʻole i ka hānai puaʻa. Hōʻike ka nui o nā hōʻike e hiki i ka hui maikaʻi loa o ka starch, NSP a me MOS ke hoʻolaha i ka hana ulu a me ka digestibility nutrient, hoʻonui i ka helu o nā bacteria hana butyrate, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka metabolism lipid o nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia i kahi nui (Zhou, Chen, et al., 2020; Zhou, Yu, et al., 2020). No laila, ʻo ke kumu o kēia pepa, ʻo ia ke nānā hou i ka noiʻi o kēia manawa e pili ana i ke kuleana koʻikoʻi o ka carbohydrate i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hana ulu a me ka hana ʻōpū, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kaiāulu microbial ʻōpū a me ke olakino metabolic, a e ʻimi i ka hui pū ʻana o ka carbohydrate o nā puaʻa.

2. Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā kalapona

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kalapona ʻai e like me ko lākou nui molekala, ke kekelē o ka polymerization (DP), ke ʻano pili (a a i ʻole b) a me ka haku mele ʻana o nā monomers pākahi (Cummings, Stephen, 2007). He mea kūpono ke hoʻomaopopo ʻana ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale nui ʻana o nā kalapona ma kā lākou DP, e like me nā monosaccharides a i ʻole disaccharides (DP, 1-2), oligosaccharides (DP, 3-9) a me nā polysaccharides (DP, ≥ 10), i haku ʻia me ka starch, NSP a me nā pilina glycosidic (Cummings, Stephen, 2007; Englyst et aL., 2007; Papa 1). Pono ka loiloi kemika e hoʻomaopopo i nā hopena physiological a me ke olakino o nā kalapona. Me ka ʻike kemika piha o nā kalapona, hiki ke hoʻohui iā lākou e like me ko lākou olakino a me nā hopena physiological a hoʻokomo iā lākou i ka hoʻolālā hoʻokaʻawale holoʻokoʻa (englyst et al., 2007). ʻO nā kalapona (monosaccharides, disaccharides, a me ka hapa nui o nā starches) hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e nā enzymes host a komo i loko o ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi ua wehewehe ʻia he mau kalapona digestible a loaʻa paha (Cummings, Stephen, 2007). ʻO nā kalapona i kūʻē i ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻōpū, a i ʻole i komo maikaʻi ʻole ʻia a metabolized, akā hiki ke hoʻohaumia ʻia e ka fermentation microbial ua manaʻo ʻia he mau kalapona kūpaʻa, e like me ka hapa nui o NSP, indigestible oligosaccharides a me RS. ʻO ke kumu, ua wehewehe ʻia nā kalapona kūpaʻa he indigestible a hiki ʻole ke hoʻohana ʻia, akā hāʻawi i kahi wehewehe pololei o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā kalapona (englyst et al., 2007).

3.1 ka hana ulu ʻana

ʻO ka Starch he ʻano polysaccharides ʻelua. ʻO Amylose (AM) kahi ʻano starch linear α（1-4) linked dextran, ʻo amylopectin (AP) kahi α（1-4) linked dextran, nona kahi 5% dextran α（1-6) e hana i kahi molekala lālā (tester et al., 2004). Ma muli o nā hoʻonohonoho molekala like ʻole a me nā ʻano, maʻalahi ka ʻeli ʻana o nā starches waiwai AP, ʻoiai ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka ʻeli ʻana o nā starches waiwai AM (Singh et al., 2010). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina mua he nui nā pane physiological o ka hānai ʻana i ka starch me nā lakio AM / AP like ʻole i ka hana ulu o nā puaʻa (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008). Ua emi ka lawe ʻana i ka hānai a me ka pono o ka hānai ʻana o nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia me ka hoʻonui ʻana o AM (regmi et al., 2011). Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike nā hōʻike e kū mai ana e hoʻonui ana nā meaʻai me ka am kiʻekiʻe i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka awelika o kēlā me kēia lā a me ka pono o ka hānai ʻana o nā puaʻa e ulu ana (Li et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2019). Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike kekahi poʻe ʻepekema ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ka hānai ʻana i nā lakio AM / AP like ʻole o ka starch i ka hana ulu ʻana o nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia (Gao et al., 2020A; Yang et al., 2015), ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻai AP kiʻekiʻe i hoʻonui i ka digestibility o nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia (Gao et al., 2020A). ʻO ka fiber dietary kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka meaʻai e hele mai ana mai nā mea kanu. ʻO kahi pilikia nui, ʻo ka fiber dietary kiʻekiʻe e pili ana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā meaʻai haʻahaʻa a me ka waiwai ikehu net haʻahaʻa (noble & Le, 2001). I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ka lawe ʻana i ka fiber kaulike i ka hana ulu ʻana o nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia (Han & Lee, 2005; Zhang et al., 2013). Hoʻopilikia ʻia nā hopena o ka fiber meaʻai ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā meaʻai a me ka waiwai ikehu net e nā ʻano fiber, a he ʻokoʻa loa paha nā kumu fiber like ʻole (lndber, 2014). I nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hānai ʻana me ka fiber pea ma mua o ka hānai ʻana i ka fiber kulina, ka fiber soybean a me ka fiber bran palaoa (Chen et al., 2014). Pēlā nō, ua hōʻike nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia i mālama ʻia me ka bran kulina a me ka bran palaoa i ka pono o ka hānai ʻana a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kaumaha ma mua o nā mea i mālama ʻia me ka ʻili soybean (Zhao et al., 2018). ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa i ka hana ulu ʻana ma waena o ka hui fiber bran palaoa a me ka hui inulin (Hu et al., 2020). Eia kekahi, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā puaʻa ma ka hui cellulose a me ka hui xylan, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohui ʻana. Hoʻopilikia ka β-Glucan i ka hana ulu ʻana o nā puaʻa (Wu et al., 2018). ʻO nā Oligosaccharides he mau carbohydrates kaumaha molekala haʻahaʻa, waena ma waena o nā kō a me nā polysaccharides (voragen, 1998). Loaʻa iā lākou nā waiwai physiological a me physicochemical koʻikoʻi, me ka waiwai calorific haʻahaʻa a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o nā bacteria maikaʻi, no laila hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā probiotics meaʻai (Bauer et al., 2006; Mussatto lāua ʻo mancilha, 2007). ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka digestibility o nā meaʻai, hoʻemi i ka hanana o ka maʻi diarrhea a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano o ka ʻōpū, a pēlā e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hana ulu o nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia (Zhou et al., 2012). Eia kekahi, ʻo nā meaʻai i hoʻohui ʻia me cos hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana hānau o nā puaʻa (ka helu o nā puaʻa ola) (Cheng et al., 2015; Wan et al., 2017) a me ka hana ulu o nā puaʻa e ulu ana (wontae et al., 2008). Hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana o MOS a me fructooligosaccharide ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana ulu ʻana o nā puaʻa (Che et al., 2013; Duan et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2010; Wenner et al., 2013). Hōʻike kēia mau hōʻike he ʻokoʻa nā hopena o nā kalapona like ʻole i ka hana ulu ʻana o nā puaʻa (papa 2a).

3.2 hana ʻōpū

Hiki i ka starch kiʻekiʻe am/ap ratio ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ke olakino ʻōpū (tribyrinhiki ke pale aku iā ia no ka puaʻa) ma ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻōpū a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hana ʻōpū e pili ana i ka hōʻike ʻana o ka gene i nā puaʻa weaning (Han et al., 2012; Xiang et al., 2011). ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka lakio o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka villi i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka villi a me ka hohonu o ka recess o ka ileum a me ka jejunum i ka wā i hānai ʻia me ka ʻai am kiʻekiʻe, a ua haʻahaʻa ka nui o ka apoptosis o ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻonui pū ia i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā genes pale i loko o ka duodenum a me ka jejunum, ʻoiai ma ka hui AP kiʻekiʻe, ua hoʻonui ʻia nā hana o ka sucrose a me ka maltase i loko o ka jejunum o nā puaʻa weaned (Gao et al., 2020b). Pēlā nō, ua ʻike ʻia nā hana ma mua ua hoʻemi nā meaʻai am momona i ka pH a ua hoʻonui nā meaʻai AP momona i ka nui o nā bacteria i loko o ka caecum o nā puaʻa weaned (Gao et al., 2020A). ʻO ka fiber meaʻai ka mea nui e hoʻopilikia i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻōpū a me ka hana o nā puaʻa. Hōʻike nā hōʻike i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi ka fiber meaʻai i ke ʻano o ka ʻōpū a me ka hana pale o nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia, a hoʻemi i ka nui o ka maʻi diarrhea (Chen et al., 2015; Lndber, 2014; Wu et al., 2018). Hoʻonui ka hemahema o ka fiber meaʻai i ka hiki ʻole o nā pathogens a hoʻopilikia i ka hana pale o ka mucosa colon (Desai et al., 2016), ʻoiai ʻo ka hānai ʻana me ka meaʻai fiber hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia hiki ke pale i nā pathogens ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lōʻihi o nā villi i loko o nā puaʻa (hedemann et al., 2006). Loaʻa i nā ʻano fiber like ʻole nā ​​​​​​hopena like ʻole i ka hana o ka pale colon a me ka ileum. Hoʻonui nā fibers bran palaoa a me ka pea i ka hana pale ʻōpū ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hōʻike ʻana o ka gene TLR2 a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā kaiāulu microbial intestinal i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā fibers kulina a me ka soybean (Chen et al., 2015). ʻO ka ʻai lōʻihi ʻana i ka fiber pea hiki ke hoʻoponopono i ka metabolism e pili ana i ka gene a i ʻole ka hōʻike protein, no laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka pale colon a me ka hana pale (Che et al., 2014). Hiki i ka inulin i loko o ka meaʻai ke pale aku i ka haunaele o ka ʻōpū i nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka permeability o ka ʻōpū (Awad et al., 2013). He mea kūpono ke hoʻomaopopo ʻana he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hui pū ʻana o ka fiber soluble (inulin) a me ka fiber insoluble (cellulose) ma mua o ka hoʻokahi wale nō, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka absorption nutritional a me ka hana pale ʻōpū i nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia (Chen et al., 2019). ʻO ka hopena o ka fiber dietary ma ka mucosa ʻōpū e pili ana i kā lākou mau ʻāpana. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi mua ua hoʻolaha ʻo xylan i ka hana pale ʻōpū, a me nā loli i ka spectrum bacteria a me nā metabolites, a ua hoʻolaha ʻo glucan i ka hana pale ʻōpū a me ke olakino mucosal, akā ʻaʻole i hōʻike ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka cellulose i nā hopena like i nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia (Wu et al., 2018). Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā Oligosaccharides ma ke ʻano he kumu kalapona no nā microorganisms ma ka ʻōpū o luna ma kahi o ka ʻeli ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia. Hiki i ka hoʻohui Fructose ke hoʻonui i ka mānoanoa o ka mucosa ʻōpū, ka hana ʻana o ka waikawa butyric, ka helu o nā cell recessive a me ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā cell epithelial ʻōpū i nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia (Tsukahara et al., 2003). Hiki i nā pectin oligosaccharides ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana pale ʻōpū a hōʻemi i ka pōʻino ʻōpū i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka rotavirus i nā puaʻa (Mao et al., 2017). Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia hiki i nā cos ke hoʻolaha nui i ka ulu ʻana o ka mucosa ʻōpū a hoʻonui nui i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā genes pale i nā puaʻa (WAN, Jiang, et al. ma ke ʻano piha, hōʻike kēia mau mea e hiki i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka carbohydrate ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana ʻōpū o nā puaʻa (papa 2b).

Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo a me ka Manaʻolana

ʻO ka kalapona ke kumu ikehu nui o nā puaʻa, i haku ʻia me nā monosaccharides like ʻole, disaccharides, oligosaccharides a me polysaccharides. ʻO nā huaʻōlelo e pili ana i nā ʻano physiological e kōkua i ka nānā ʻana i nā hana olakino hiki o nā kalapona a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pololei o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka kalapona. Loaʻa i nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻano kalapona nā hopena like ʻole i ka mālama ʻana i ka hana ulu, ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hana ʻōpū a me ke kaulike microbial, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka metabolism lipid a me glucose. ʻO ke ʻano hana hiki ke hoʻoponopono i ka kalapona o ka metabolism lipid a me glucose e pili ana i kā lākou metabolites (SCFAs), i hoʻomoʻa ʻia e ka microbiota ʻōpū. Ma ke ʻano kikoʻī, hiki i ka kalapona i loko o ka meaʻai ke hoʻoponopono i ka metabolism glucose ma o nā ala scfas-gpr43 / 41-glp1 / PYY a me ampk-g6pase / PEPCK, a hoʻoponopono i ka metabolism lipid ma o nā ala scfas-gpr43 / 41 a me amp / atp-ampk. Eia kekahi, i ka wā e hui pū ʻia ai nā ʻano kalapona like ʻole, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka hana ulu a me ka hana olakino o nā puaʻa.

He mea kūpono ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia e ʻike ʻia nā hana kūpono o ka carbohydrate i loko o ka protein a me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka gene a me ka hoʻoponopono metabolic ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hana proteomics hana kiʻekiʻe, genomics a me metabonomics. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻo ka loiloi ʻana i nā hui carbohydrate like ʻole he mea pono ia no ke aʻo ʻana i nā ʻano meaʻai carbohydrate like ʻole i ka hana puaʻa.

Punaewele: Hale Pai ʻEpekema Holoholona