He hui kūlohelohe ʻo Betaine i hoʻolaha nui ʻia i nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona. Ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui hānai, hāʻawi ʻia ia ma ke ʻano anhydrous a hydrochloride paha. Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia i ka meaʻai holoholona no nā kumu like ʻole.
ʻO ka mea mua, pili paha kēia mau kumu i ka hiki ke hāʻawi methyl maikaʻi loa o betaine, ka mea i loaʻa nui i loko o ke ake. Ma muli o ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā hui methyl paʻa ʻole, ua hoʻolaha ʻia ka synthesis o nā hui like ʻole e like me methionine, carnitine a me creatine. Ma kēia ʻano, hoʻopilikia ka betaine i ka protein, lipid a me ka metabolism ikehu, a laila e hoʻololi pono i ka haku mele o ke kino make.
ʻO ka lua, ʻo ke kumu o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka betaine i ka meaʻai e pili ana paha i kāna hana ma ke ʻano he mea pale organik. Ma kēia hana, kōkua ka betaine i nā pūnaewele ma ke kino holoʻokoʻa e mālama i ke kaulike wai a me ka hana o nā pūnaewele, ʻoiai i nā wā o ke kaumaha. ʻO kahi laʻana kaulana ka hopena maikaʻi o ka betaine i nā holoholona ma lalo o ke kaumaha wela.
I loko o nā puaʻa, ua wehewehe ʻia nā hopena maikaʻi like ʻole o ka hoʻohui betaine. E kālele ana kēia ʻatikala i ke kuleana o ka betaine ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui hānai i ke olakino ʻōpū o nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia.
Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau haʻawina betaine i ka hopena ma ka digestibility o nā meaʻai i loko o ka ileum a i ʻole ka ʻōnaehana digestive holoʻokoʻa o nā puaʻa. ʻO nā nānā hou ʻana o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka digestibility ileal o ka fiber (crude fiber a i ʻole neutral and acid detergent fiber) e hōʻike ana e hoʻoulu ka betaine i ka fermentation o nā bacteria i loaʻa i loko o ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi, no ka mea, ʻaʻole hana nā cell intestinal i nā enzymes fiber-degrading. Loaʻa i ka ʻāpana fiber o ka mea kanu nā meaʻai, hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka wā o ka degradation o kēia microbial fiber.
No laila, ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻai ʻana o ka mea maloʻo a me ka lehu maka. Ma ka pae holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia ua hoʻomaikaʻi nā puaʻa i hoʻohui ʻia me ka 800 mg betaine/kg i ka protein maka (+6.4%) a me ka ʻai ʻana o ka mea maloʻo (+4.2%). Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi ʻokoʻa ma ka hoʻohui ʻana me 1,250 mg/kg betaine, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka ʻike ʻia o ka digestibility o ka protein maka (+3.7%) a me ka ether extract (+6.7%).
ʻO kekahi kumu kūpono no ka piʻi ʻana o ka digestibility nutrient ʻo ia ka hopena o ka betaine ma ka hana ʻana o ka enzyme. Ma kahi noiʻi in vivo hou e pili ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka betaine i nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia, ua loiloi ʻia ka hana o nā enzymes digestive (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin a me chymotrypsin) i loko o ka chyme (Kiʻi 1). Ua hōʻike nā enzymes āpau koe wale nō ka maltase i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka hana, a ʻoi aku ka ʻike ʻia o ka hopena o ka betaine ma 2,500 mg betaine/kg hānai ma mua o 1,250 mg/kg. ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka hana paha ka hopena o ka piʻi ʻana o ka hana enzyme, a i ʻole he hopena paha ia o ka piʻi ʻana o ka pono catalytic o ka enzyme.
Kiʻi 1-Ka hana enzyme digestive ʻōpū o nā puaʻa i hoʻohui ʻia me 0 mg/kg, 1,250 mg/kg a i ʻole 2,500 mg/kg betaine.
I loko o nā hoʻokolohua in vitro, ua hōʻoia ʻia ma ka hoʻohui ʻana iā NaCl e hana i ke kaomi osmotic kiʻekiʻe, ua kāohi ʻia nā hana trypsin a me amylase. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā pae like ʻole o ka betaine i kēia hoʻāʻo ua hoʻihoʻi i ka hopena inhibitory o NaCl a hoʻonui i ka hana enzyme. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā ʻaʻole i hoʻohui ʻia ʻo NaCl i ka hopena buffer, ʻaʻole pili ka betaine i ka hana enzyme ma kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, akā hōʻike i kahi hopena inhibitory ma kahi kiʻekiʻe.
ʻAʻole wale ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka digestibility hiki ke wehewehe i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka hana ulu a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hānai puaʻa i hoʻohui ʻia me ka betaine meaʻai. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka betaine i nā meaʻai puaʻa e hōʻemi pū i nā koi ikehu mālama o ka holoholona. ʻO ke kuhiakau no kēia hopena i ʻike ʻia, ʻo ia ka wā e hiki ai ke hoʻohana ʻia ka betaine e mālama i ke kaomi osmotic intracellular, ua hoʻemi ʻia ke koi no nā pamu ion, he hana ia e pono ai ka ikehu. I ke ʻano o ka lawe ʻana i ka ikehu i kaupalena ʻia, manaʻo ʻia ka hopena o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka betaine e ʻoi aku ka nui ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lako ikehu no ka ulu ʻana ma mua o ka mālama ʻana.
Pono nā pūnaewele epithelial e uhi ana i ka paia o ka ʻōpū e hoʻoponopono i nā kūlana osmotic loli nui i hana ʻia e nā ʻike luminal i ka wā o ka ʻai ʻana i nā meaʻai. I ka manawa like, pono kēia mau pūnaewele ʻōpū e kāohi i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka wai a me nā meaʻai like ʻole ma waena o ka lumen ʻōpū a me ka plasma. I mea e pale ai i nā pūnaewele mai kēia mau kūlana paʻakikī, he mea nui ka betaine i ka penetrant organik. Ke nānā ʻia ka nui o ka betaine i loko o nā ʻiʻo like ʻole, kiʻekiʻe loa ka nui o ka betaine i loko o nā ʻiʻo ʻōpū. Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻopilikia ʻia kēia mau pae e ka nui o ka betaine i ka meaʻai. E ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā pūnaewele kaulike a me nā hiki ke hoʻōla maikaʻi. No laila, ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pae betaine o nā puaʻa e hoʻonui i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka villi duodenal a me ka hohonu o nā crypts ileal, a ʻoi aku ka like o nā villi.
Ma kekahi noiʻi ʻē aʻe, ua ʻike ʻia ka piʻi ʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe o nā villi ma ka duodenum, jejunum, a me ka ileum, akā ʻaʻohe hopena i ka hohonu o nā crypts. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia i nā moa broiler i loaʻa i ka maʻi coccidia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hopena pale o ka betaine ma ke ʻano o ka ʻōpū ma lalo o kekahi mau pilikia (osmotic).
ʻO ka pale ʻōpū ka mea nui i haku ʻia me nā pūnaewele epithelial, i hoʻopili ʻia kekahi i kekahi e nā protein junction tight. ʻO ke kūpaʻa o kēia pale he mea nui ia e pale ai i ke komo ʻana o nā mea ʻino a me nā bacteria pathogenic, kahi e hoʻoulu ai i ka mumū. No nā puaʻa, ʻo ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka pale ʻōpū ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka hopena o ka haumia mycotoxin i ka meaʻai, a i ʻole kekahi o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ke kaumaha wela.
I mea e ana ai i ka hopena ma ka hopena pale, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā hoʻokolohua in vitro o nā laina cell e ana i ke kū'ē uila transepithelial (TEER). Me ka hoʻopili ʻana o betaine, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o TEER i nā hoʻokolohua in vitro he nui. Ke hōʻike ʻia ka pākahiko i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe (42°C), e emi ana ʻo TEER (Kiʻi 2). ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o betaine i ka medium ulu o kēia mau cell i hōʻike ʻia i ka wela ua kūʻē i ka emi ʻana o TEER, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ke kū'ē wela.
Kiʻi 2-Nā hopena in vitro o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana a me ka betaine ma ke kū'ē ʻana o ka cell transepithelial (TEER).
Eia kekahi, i loko o kahi noiʻi in vivo i nā puaʻa, ua ana ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka hōʻike ʻana o nā protein junction tight (occludin, claudin1, a me zonula occludens-1) i loko o ka ʻiʻo jejunum o nā holoholona i loaʻa iā 1,250 mg/kg betaine i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hui kaohi. Eia kekahi, ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o ka hōʻino ʻana o ka mucosal intestinal, ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ka hana diamine oxidase i loko o ka plasma o kēia mau puaʻa, e hōʻike ana i kahi pale ʻōpū ikaika. I ka wā i hoʻohui ʻia ai ka betaine i ka ʻai o nā puaʻa e hoʻopau ana i ka ulu ʻana, ua ana ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka ikaika tensile intestinal i ka manawa o ka pepehi ʻana.
I kēia mau lā iho nei, ua hoʻopili kekahi mau noiʻi i ka betaine i ka ʻōnaehana antioxidant a ua wehewehe i ka hoʻemi ʻia ʻana o nā radical free, ka hoʻemi ʻia ʻana o nā pae o ka malondialdehyde (MDA), a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).
ʻAʻole wale ʻo Betaine e hana ma ke ʻano he osmoprotectant i nā holoholona. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā bacteria he nui ke hōʻiliʻili i ka betaine ma o ka de novo synthesis a i ʻole ka lawe ʻana mai ke kaiapuni. Aia nā hōʻailona e hiki i ka betaine ke loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi i ka nui o nā bacteria i loko o ka ʻōpū gastrointestinal o nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia. Ua piʻi ka nui o nā bacteria ileal, ʻoiai ʻo bifidobacteria a me lactobacilli. Eia kekahi, ua loaʻa nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o Enterobacter i loko o nā feces.
ʻO ka mea hope loa, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hopena o ka betaine i ke olakino ʻōpū o nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o ka maʻi diarrhea. Hiki ke hilinaʻi ʻia kēia hopena ma muli o ka lāʻau: ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mea hoʻohui meaʻai 2,500 mg/kg betaine ma mua o 1,250 mg/kg betaine i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o ka maʻi diarrhea. Eia nō naʻe, ua like ka hana o nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia ma nā pae hoʻohui ʻelua. Ua hōʻike nā mea noiʻi ʻē aʻe i ka wā e hoʻohui ʻia ai he 800 mg/kg o betaine, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka nui a me ka nui o ka maʻi diarrhea i nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia.
He haʻahaʻa ka waiwai pKa o Betaine ma kahi o 1.8, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka dissociation o ka betaine HCl ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana, e alakaʻi ai i ka acidification gastric.
ʻO ka meaʻai hoihoi ka hiki ke hoʻohuihui ʻia o ka betaine hydrochloride ma ke ʻano he kumu o ka betaine. I ka lāʻau lapaʻau kanaka, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā mea hoʻohui betaine HCl me ka pepsin e kākoʻo i nā poʻe me nā pilikia ʻōpū a me nā pilikia digestive. I kēia hihia, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka betaine hydrochloride ma ke ʻano he kumu palekana o ka waikawa hydrochloric. ʻOiai ʻaʻohe ʻike e pili ana i kēia waiwai i ka wā e loaʻa ai ka betaine hydrochloride i ka hānai puaʻa, he mea nui loa paha ia.
Ua ʻike maopopo ʻia he kiʻekiʻe paha ka pH o ka wai ʻōpū o nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia (pH>4), kahi e hoʻopilikia ai i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka pepsin precursor i kāna pepsinogen mua. ʻAʻole wale ka ʻai ʻana o ka protein maikaʻi loa no nā holoholona e loaʻa ai ka loaʻa maikaʻi o kēia meaʻai. Eia kekahi, hiki i ka protein indigestion ke hoʻoulu i ka hoʻolaha ʻino o nā pathogens opportunistic a hoʻonui i ka pilikia o ka diarrhea post-weaning. He haʻahaʻa ka waiwai pKa o Betaine ma kahi o 1.8, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka dissociation o betaine HCl ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana, e alakaʻi ana i ka acidification gastric.
Ua ʻike ʻia kēia reacidification pōkole i kahi noiʻi mua i nā kānaka a me nā noiʻi i nā ʻīlio. Ma hope o hoʻokahi mahele o 750 mg a i ʻole 1,500 mg o ka betaine hydrochloride, ua hāʻule nui ka pH o ka ʻōpū o nā ʻīlio i mālama mua ʻia me nā mea hoʻemi waikawa gastric mai kahi o 7 a i ka pH 2. Eia nō naʻe, i nā ʻīlio kaohi i mālama ʻole ʻia, ʻo ka pH o ka ʻōpū ma kahi o 2, ʻaʻole ia i pili i ka hoʻohui betaine HCl.
He hopena maikaʻi ko Betaine i ke olakino ʻōpū o nā puaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia. Hōʻike kēia loiloi palapala i nā manawa kūpono like ʻole no ka betaine e kākoʻo i ka ʻai ʻana a me ka omo ʻana i nā meaʻai, hoʻomaikaʻi i nā pale pale kino, hoʻohuli i ka microbiota, a hoʻoikaika i nā hiki ke pale aku o nā puaʻa.