Potasiuma diformate(PDF) he paʻakai i hoʻohui ʻia i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui hānai non-antibiotic e hoʻolaha i ka ulu ʻana o nā holoholona. Eia nō naʻe, ua kaupalena loa ʻia nā haʻawina i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā ʻano wai, a ua kūʻē kona pono.

Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi mua ma ka iʻa sālemona ʻAkelanika ua hoʻomaikaʻi nā papaʻai i loaʻa ka palaoa iʻa i mālama ʻia me 1.4v PDF i ka pono o ka hānai a me ka wikiwiki o ka ulu ʻana. Ua hōʻike pū nā hopena i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka ulu ʻana o ka tilapia hybrid ua hoʻonui nui ka hoʻohui ʻana o 0.2 pakeneka PDF i nā papaʻai hoʻāʻo i ka ulu ʻana a me ka pono o ka hānai ʻana, a ua hoʻemi i nā maʻi bacteria.

I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi o ka tilapia hybrid ʻōpio ʻaʻole i hōʻike ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka PDF ma kahi o 1.2 pakeneka o ka meaʻai i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana ulu ʻana, ʻoiai ke kāohi nui nei i ka bacteria o ka ʻōpū. Ma muli o ka ʻike palena i loaʻa, ʻike ʻia ka pono o ka PDF i ka hana iʻa e like me ke ʻano, ke kahua o ke ola, nā pae hoʻohui o ka PDF, ka hoʻohālikelike hoʻāʻo a me nā kūlana moʻomeheu.

Hoʻolālā hoʻokolohua

ua hana i kahi hoʻāʻo ulu ma ka Oceanic Institute ma Hawaiʻi, USA, e loiloi i ka hopena o ka PDF ma ka hana ulu a me ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻōpae keʻokeʻo Pākīpika i mahi ʻia i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana wai moakaka. Ua kālā ʻia e ka US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service a ma o kahi ʻaelike hana pū me ke Kulanui o Alaska Fairbanks.

ʻŌpae keʻokeʻo Pākīpika ʻōpio (ʻO Litopenaeus vannamei) ua mahi ʻia i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana wai maʻemaʻe i loko o ka hale me ka paʻakai o 31 ppt a me ka mahana o 25 degere-C. Ua hānai ʻia lākou i ʻeono mau meaʻai hoʻāʻo me 35 pakeneka protein a me 6 pakeneka lipid i loaʻa ka PDF ma 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 a i ʻole 1.5 pakeneka.

No kēlā me kēia 100 g, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka ʻai kumu e loaʻa ai he 30.0 grams o ka palaoa soybean, 15.0 grams o ka palaoa pollock, 6.0 grams o ka palaoa heʻe, 2.0 grams o ka ʻaila menhaden, 2.0 grams o ka soy lecithin, 33.8 grams o ka palaoa holoʻokoʻa, 1.0 gram o ka chromium oxide a me 11.2 grams o nā mea ʻē aʻe (me nā minelala a me nā wikamina). No kēlā me kēia ʻai, ua hoʻolako ʻia ʻehā mau pahu 52-L ma 12 ʻōpae/pahu. Me ke kaumaha kino mua he 0.84-gram, ua hānai lima ʻia ka ʻōpae i ʻehā manawa i ka lā a hiki i ka māʻona no ʻewalu pule.

No ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ua mahi ʻia he 120 ʻōpae me ke kaumaha o ke kino he 9 a 10 grams i loko o kēlā me kēia pahu he 18, 550-L me ʻekolu mau pahu/lāʻau ʻai. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka Chromium oxide ma ke ʻano he māka kūloko no ke ana ʻana i ka coefficient digestibility maopopo.

Nā Hualoaʻa

ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ke kaumaha o ka ʻōpae i kēlā me kēia pule mai 0.6 a 0.8 grams a ua piʻi pinepine ia i nā lāʻau lapaʻau me 1.2 a me 1.5 pakeneka o nā meaʻai PDF, akā ʻaʻole i ʻokoʻa nui (P > 0.05) ma waena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻO ke ola ʻana o ka ʻōpae he 97 pakeneka a ʻoi aku paha i ka hoʻāʻo ulu ʻana.

Ua like nā lakio hoʻololi hānai (FCR) no nā papaʻai me 0.3 a me 0.6 pakeneka PDF, a ua haʻahaʻa nā mea ʻelua ma mua o ka FCR no ka papaʻai 1.2 pakeneka PDF (P < 0.05) Eia nō naʻe, ua like nā FCR no ka papaʻai kaohi, 1.2 a me 1.5 pakeneka PDF (P > 0.05).

ʻO ka ʻōpae i hānai ʻia i ka ʻai 1.2 pakeneka he haʻahaʻa ka ʻeli ʻana (P < 0.05) no ka mea maloʻo, ka protein a me ka ikehu nui ma mua o ka ʻōpae i hānai ʻia i nā ʻai ʻē aʻe (Kiʻi 2). Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia ko lākou ʻeli ʻana o nā lipids meaʻai (P > 0.05) e nā pae PDF.

Nā Manaʻo

Ua hōʻike kēia haʻawina ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka PDF a hiki i ka 1.5 pakeneka i loko o kahi meaʻai i ka ulu ʻana a me ke ola ʻana o ka ʻōpae i mahi ʻia i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana wai maopopo. Ua like kēia ʻike me kahi ʻike mua me ka tilapia ʻōpio hybrid, akā ʻokoʻa ia mai nā hopena i loaʻa i ka noiʻi me ka samona ʻAkelanika a me ka ulu ʻana o ka tilapia hybrid.

Ua hōʻike nā hopena o ka PDF meaʻai ma ka FCR a me ka digestibility i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma kēia noiʻi. He hiki paha i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka FCR o ka 1.2 pakeneka PDF meaʻai ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa o ka digestibility o ka protein, ka mea maloʻo a me ka ikehu nui no ka meaʻai. He palena loa ka ʻike e pili ana i nā hopena o ka PDF ma ka digestibility o nā meaʻai i nā ʻano wai.

Ua ʻokoʻa nā hopena o kēia noiʻi mai nā hopena o kahi hōʻike mua i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka PDF i ka palaoa iʻa i ka wā mālama ma mua o ka hana ʻana i ka hānai ua hoʻonui i ka hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka protein. ʻO nā pono like ʻole o ka PDF meaʻai i loaʻa i nā noiʻi o kēia manawa a me nā noiʻi ma mua paha ma muli o nā kūlana like ʻole, e like me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā ʻano, ka ʻōnaehana moʻomeheu, ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka meaʻai a i ʻole nā ​​​​kūlana hoʻokolohua ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole maopopo ke kumu pololei no kēia ʻokoʻa a pono e noiʻi hou ʻia.