ʻO ka moa ka mea hana ʻiʻo a me ka ʻai nui loa ma ka honua. Ma kahi o 70% o ka moa honua mai nā hulu hulu keʻokeʻo. ʻO ka moa ka lua o ka ʻiʻo nui loa ma Kina. Loaʻa ka moa ma Kina mai nā hulu hulu keʻokeʻo a me nā hulu hulu melemele. ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana o nā hulu hulu keʻokeʻo i ka hana ʻana i ka moa ma Kina ma kahi o 45%, a ʻo ka hāʻawi ʻana o nā broilers hulu melemele ma kahi o 38%.

ʻO ka broiler hulu keʻokeʻo ka mea haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka hānai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo, ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻohua nui a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hilinaʻi o waho. ʻO nā ʻano pua puaʻa hulu melemele i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka hana ʻana o Kina, he ʻano hānai ponoʻī lākou a pau, a ʻo ka nui o nā ʻano i mahi ʻia ʻo ia ka mea nui loa ma waena o nā ʻano holoholona a me nā ʻano moa, ʻo ia ka laʻana kūleʻa o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka pono waiwai o nā ʻano kūloko i mea e pono ai ka huahana.

1、 Moʻolelo hoʻomohala o nā ʻano moa

Ua hānai ʻia ka moa ʻāina e ka pheasant ululāʻau ʻĀsia i 7000-10000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a hiki ke huli ʻia kona mōʻaukala home ma mua o 1000 BC. Ua like ka moa o ka aina me ka moa mua ma ke ano kino, kala hulu, mele a pela aku. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina Cytogenetic a me morphological ʻo ka moa kumu ka kupuna pololei o ka moa home hou. ʻEhā mau ʻano o ka genus Gallinula, ʻo ia ka ʻulaʻula (Gallus gallus, Fig. 3), kola ʻōmaʻomaʻo (Gallus variety), huelo ʻeleʻele (Gallus lafayetii) a me ke kaha ʻāhinahina (Gallus sonnerati). ʻElua mau manaʻo like ʻole e pili ana i ke kumu o ka moa kūloko mai ka moa kumu: ʻo ka manaʻo kumu hoʻokahi e paʻa ana e hiki ke hānai ʻia ka moa mua ʻulaʻula i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha; Wahi a ka manaʻo o nā kumu he nui, ma waho aʻe o ka moa ululāʻau ʻulaʻula, ʻo nā Moʻo Jungle ʻē aʻe nā kūpuna o nā moa ʻohana. I kēia manawa, kākoʻo ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina i ka manaʻo kumu hoʻokahi, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka moa home no ka moa ʻulaʻula.

 

（1） Ka hana hoʻohua ʻana o nā pua puaʻa haole

Ma mua o ka makahiki 1930, ua hoʻokō ʻia ka koho ʻana o ka hui a me ka mahiʻai manuahi ʻole. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona koho nui ʻo ia ka hana hua manu, ʻo ka moa ka huaʻai, a ʻo ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka moa he kumu hoʻohālike liʻiliʻi o ka pā hale. Me ka hana ʻana o ka pahu hua manu pani ponoʻī i nā makahiki 1930, ua koho ʻia ka hana hana hua manu e like me ka moʻolelo hana hua manu; I ka makahiki 1930-50, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana ʻenehana pālua pālua ma ke ʻano he kuhikuhi, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka heterosis i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka moa, a ua hoʻololi koke i ka hoʻohua laina maʻemaʻe, a lilo i kumu nui o ka hana moa kalepa. Ua ulu mālie nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike o ka hybridization mai ka hoʻohuihui binary mua loa i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka ternary a me ka Quaternary. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka maikaʻi o ke koho ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo liʻiliʻi a haʻahaʻa hoʻoilina ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka moʻopuna i ka makahiki 1940, a hiki ke pale ʻia ka emi ʻana o ka inbreeding e nā ʻohana pili. Ma hope o 1945, ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hoʻokolohua maʻamau e kekahi mau hui ʻaoʻao ʻekolu a i ʻole ke kahua hoʻāʻo ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika. ʻO ke kumu o ka loiloi pono ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole e komo ana i ka loiloi ma lalo o nā kūlana kaiapuni like, a pāʻani i ka hana ikaika i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka mākeke o nā ʻano maikaʻi loa me ka hana maikaʻi loa. Ua hoʻopau ʻia kēlā hana ana hana i nā makahiki 1970. I nā makahiki 1960-1980, ʻo ka koho nui o nā ʻano maʻalahi e ana, e like me ka hana ʻana o ka hua manu, ka helu hatching, ka ulu ʻana a me ka helu hoʻololi ʻana i nā meaʻai, ua hana nui ʻia i ka moa iwi a me ka ʻai ʻana i ka home. ʻO ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka pā hoʻokahi o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā meaʻai mai ka makahiki 1980 ua hoʻokani pololei i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ʻai ʻana i ka hānai broiler a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hānai. Mai ka makahiki 1990, ua nānā ʻia nā ʻano hana, e like me ke kaumaha ʻupena a me ke kaumaha iwi ʻole. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano loiloi genetic e like me ka wānana linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) maikaʻi loa a me ka holomua o ka ʻenehana kamepiula he mea nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana. Ma hope o ke komo ʻana i ke kenekulia 21, ua hoʻomaka ka hānai broiler e noʻonoʻo i ka maikaʻi o nā huahana a me ka pono o nā holoholona. I kēia manawa, ke hoʻololi nei ka ʻenehana hoʻohua mole o ka broiler i hōʻike ʻia e ka genome wide selection (GS) mai ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka noi.

（2） Ke kaʻina hana hoʻohua o ka Broiler ma Kina

Ma ka waena o ke kenekulia 19, ʻo nā moa kūloko ma Kina ka honua i alakaʻi i ka hoʻomoe hua a me ka hana ʻiʻo. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka moa mauna wolf a me ʻeiwa Jin moa melemele mai Jiangsu a me Shanghai ma Kina, a laila mai UK a i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia nā ʻano maʻamau ma nā ʻāina ʻelua. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Langshan Chicken ma ke ʻano he ʻano hoʻohana ʻelua, a ʻeiwa Jin melemele moa i manaʻo ʻia he ʻano ʻiʻo. He hopena koʻikoʻi kēia mau ʻano i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kekahi mau holoholona kaulana a me nā ʻano moa, e like me ka British oppington a me Australian Black Australia i hoʻolauna i ka pilina koko o ka moa mauna wolf ma Kina. ʻO Rockcock, Luodao ʻulaʻula a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe e lawe pū i ʻeiwa mau moa melemele Jin i mea hoʻohua. Mai ka pau ʻana o ke kenekulia 19 a hiki i ka makahiki 1930, ʻo nā hua manu a me ka moa nā huahana nui e lawe aku ma Kina. Akā i ka manawa lōʻihi ma hope o kēlā, ʻo ka ʻoihana hānai moa ma Kina e noho i ka pae nui o ka hoʻoulu ʻana, a ʻo ka pae hana o ka moa ua mamao loa mai ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka honua. Ma ka waena waena o 1960s, ʻekolu mau ʻano ʻano ʻano ʻano ʻano ʻano ʻo Huiyang moa, ka moa hemp Qingyuan a me ka moa Shiqi i koho ʻia i mea hoʻomaikaʻi nui ma Hong Kong. Hoʻohana ʻia ka hybrid ma ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Han Xia hou, bailoc, baikonish a me habad e hānai i ka moa Shiqi hybrid, kahi mea nui i ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻai ʻana i nā broilers Hong Kong. Mai ka makahiki 1970 a hiki i ka makahiki 1980, ua hoʻolauna ʻia ka moa hybrid Shiqi i Guangdong a me Guangxi, a ua hui ʻia me nā moa keʻokeʻo recessive, e hana ana i kahi moa Shiqi hybrid i hoʻololi ʻia a pālahalaha nui ʻia i ka hana. Mai ka makahiki 1960 a hiki i ka makahiki 1980, ua hoʻohana mākou i ka hoʻohua hybrid a me ka koho ʻohana e mahi ai i ka moa mauna wolf hou, ka moa Xinpu East a me ka moa xinyangzhou. Mai ka makahiki 1983 a hiki i ka makahiki 2015, ua lawe ka hulu melemele i ke ano o ka hanau ana ma ka akau a me ka hema, a ua hoohana piha i ka like ole o ke aniau, hanai, manpower a me ka hanau enehana ma waena o ka akau a me ka hema, a hooulu i na moa makua ma ka akau wahi o Henan, Shanxi a me Shaanxi. Hoʻihoʻi ʻia nā hua kūʻai i ka hema no ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka hānai ʻana, kahi i hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hana ʻana o nā hulu broilers melemele. Ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka hulu melemele i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1980. ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā genes maikaʻi loa e like me nā genes saving grain a liʻiliʻi (DW gene) a me ka moʻo hulu keʻokeʻo recessive i hana nui i ka hoʻohua ʻana i nā hulu hulu melemele ma Kina. Ma kahi o hoʻokahi hapakolu o nā ʻano puaʻa ʻulaʻula melemele ma Kina i hoʻohana i kēia mau ʻenehana. I ka makahiki 1986, ua hoʻolauna ʻo Guangzhou Baiyun poultry development company i ka moa recessive keʻokeʻo a me Shiqi hybrid e hoʻohua ai i 882 mau hulu hulu melemele. I ka makahiki 1999, ua hānai ʻo Shenzhen kangdal (Group) Co., Ltd. i ka laina like mua o ka hulu melemele broiler 128 (Fig. 4) i ʻae ʻia e ka mokuʻāina. Ma hope o kēlā, ua komo ka ulu ʻana o ka pua hou o Yellow Feather Broiler ma Kina i kahi wā ulu wikiwiki. I mea e hoʻonohonoho ai i ka hoʻokolokolo like ʻole a me ka ʻae ʻia, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Poultry Quality Supervision and inspection and Testing Center (Yangzhou) o ke Kuhina mahiʻai a me nā wahi kuaʻāina (Beijing) i ka makahiki 1998 a me 2003, a ʻo ia ke kuleana no ke ana ʻana o ka hana ʻana o ka moa.

 

2、 Hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻohua broiler hou ma ka home a ma waho

（1） Ka hooulu ana o na aina e

Mai ka hopena o nā makahiki 1950, ua hoʻokumu ka holomua o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ke kumu no ka hana ʻana i ka moa hou, hoʻolaha i ka hana kūikawā o ka hua manu a me ka hana moa, a ua lilo ka hana broiler i ʻoihana moa kūʻokoʻa. I nā makahiki he 80 i hala iho nei, ua hoʻokō ʻo ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a me nā ʻāina ʻEulopa i ka ʻōnaehana genetic breeding no ka ulu ʻana o ka ulu ʻana, ka uku hānai a me ke ʻano kino o nā moa, e hana ana i nā ʻano hulu keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo i kēia lā a noho wikiwiki i ka mākeke honua. ʻO ka laina kāne o ka hulu hulu keʻokeʻo hou he moa Cornish keʻokeʻo, a ʻo ka laina wahine he moa Plymouth Rock keʻokeʻo. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka heterosis e ka male ʻōnaehana. I kēia manawa, me Kina, ʻo nā ʻano nui i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā broilers hulu keʻokeʻo ma ka honua ʻo AA +, Ross, Cobb, Hubbard a me kekahi mau ʻano ʻē aʻe, mai aviagen a me Cobb vantress. He ʻōnaehana hānau oʻo a maikaʻi hoʻi ka hulu broiler keʻokeʻo, e hana ana i kahi ʻano pyramid i haku ʻia me ka hui kumu hoʻohua, nā kupuna nui, nā kūpuna, nā mākua a me nā moa kalepa. He 4-5 mau makahiki no ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka holomua genetic o ka hui kumu i nā moa kalepa (Fig. 5). Hiki i hoʻokahi moa pūʻulu nui ke hana ma mua o 3 miliona mau broilers kalepa a ʻoi aku ma mua o 5000 tons moa. I kēia manawa, hoʻopuka ka honua ma kahi o 11.6 miliona mau pūʻulu o nā kahu hānai hulu keʻokeʻo, 600 miliona mau pūʻulu makua hānai a me 80 biliona moa kalepa i kēlā me kēia makahiki.

 

3、 Nā pilikia a me nā hakahaka

（1） Hoʻoulu ʻia ka hulu broiler keʻokeʻo

Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ke ao holoʻokoʻa o ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka broiler hulu keʻokeʻo, ʻo ka manawa kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo o Kina he pōkole, nāwaliwali ke kumu o ka hana kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka genetic material accumulation, ʻaʻole lawa ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana hou e like me ka molecular breeding, a aia kahi ākea nui i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻi a me nā huahana ʻike. ʻO nā mea kiko'ī penei: 1. Loaʻa i nā hui multinational ke ʻano o nā kānana maikaʻi loa me ka ulu wikiwiki a me ka nui o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ʻiʻo, a ma o ka hui ʻana a me ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana o nā ʻoihana hoʻohua e like me nā broilers a me nā papa, ua hoʻonui hou ʻia nā mea a me nā genes, e hāʻawi ana i kahi hōʻoia no ka hoʻoulu ʻana o nā ʻano hou; ʻO nā kumu hoʻohua o ka broiler hulu keʻokeʻo ma Kina he kumu nāwaliwali a he liʻiliʻi nā mea hoʻohua maikaʻi loa.

2. ʻenehana hānai. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hui multinational o ka honua me ka ʻoi aku o 100 mau makahiki o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻohua ʻana o ka broiler hulu keʻokeʻo ma Kina, a aia kahi ākea nui ma waena o ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana hoʻoulu kaulike ma waena o ka ulu a me ka hana hou a me ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka honua. ʻAʻole kiʻekiʻe ka pae noi o nā ʻenehana hou e like me ka genome breeding; Haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ka nele o ka phenotype kiʻekiʻe-throughput naʻauao ana ʻenehana, ʻohi ʻakomi ʻikepili a me ka pae noi hoʻouna.

3. ʻenehana hoʻomaʻemaʻe o nā maʻi provenance. Ua lawe nā ʻoihana hānai moa nui o ka honua i nā hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe kūpono no nā maʻi maʻi o ka leukemia avian, pullorum a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e hoʻomaikaʻi nui ana i ka hoʻokūkū o nā huahana. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka maʻi leukemia a me ka pullorum he papa pōkole ia e keʻakeʻa ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana hānai manu o Kina, a ua hilinaʻi nui nā pahu ʻike i ka lawe ʻana mai.

（2） Hanau hulu melemele

ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka hana ʻana o ka broiler hulu melemele ma Kina ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua. Eia nō naʻe, nui ka nui o nā ʻoihana hoʻohua, ʻaʻole kūlike ka pālākiō, nāwaliwali ka ikaika o ka ʻenehana holoʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole lawa ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana hoʻomohala holomua, a ʻo nā mea hana a me nā lako hana i hope; Aia kekahi ʻano o ka hoʻoulu hou ʻana, a he liʻiliʻi nā ʻano kumu me nā hiʻohiʻona maopopo, hana maikaʻi a me ka māhele mākeke nui; No ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻo ka pahuhopu hoʻohua e hoʻopili i ka correlation o ke kūʻai ʻana i nā moa ola, e like me ka waihoʻoluʻu o ka hulu, ke ʻano o ke kino a me ke ʻano, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō i ka noi mākeke o ka luku ʻana a me nā huahana chilled ma lalo o ke kūlana hou.

Nui nā ʻano moa kūloko ma Kina, kahi i hoʻokumu ai i nā ʻano genetic maikaʻi loa ma lalo o nā kūlana kaiaola a me ka socio-economic lōʻihi. Eia nō naʻe, no ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻaʻole lawa ka noiʻi hohonu e pili ana i nā ʻano o nā kumu germplasm, ʻaʻole lawa ka hoʻokolokolo a me ka loiloi ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai like ʻole, a ʻo ka loiloi a me ka loiloi ʻaʻole lawa ke kākoʻo ʻike. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole lawa ka kūkulu ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana nānā ikaika o nā kumuwaiwai like ʻole, a ʻo ka loiloi ʻana i nā ʻano waiwai me ka hiki ke hoʻololi ikaika, kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe o nā kumuwaiwai genetic ʻaʻole piha a ʻōnaehana, e alakaʻi ana i ka hemahema nui o ka mining a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano maikaʻi loa o nā ʻano kūloko, keakea i ke kaʻina hana o ka pale, hoʻomohala a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumu waiwai genetic kūloko, a hoʻopilikia i ka pae o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana kūʻai ma Kina. ʻoihana moa.